Figure 1: Coalescence benchmarks between two identical YSZ microparticles of 20 μm in diameter under a given domainal ∇ T of 10 K/μm with distinct models: (a₁) – (a₅) the isothermal model, and the nonisothermal models with (b₁) – (b₅) only ∇ T–DDF effect, (c₁) – (c₅) only thermophoresis effect and (d₁) – (d₅) combined both ∇ T–DDF and thermophoresis. The dimensionless end time for 2D simulations is t*=4x10⁴.